Thursday, April 2, 2009
Thurs-Day 1 (updated for Bio)
AP Chem- Make sure that you read/do the tutorials and the practice problems that are on Blackboard.
We did a Thermo Lab in which we collected data on what turned out to be an endothermic reaction. We used our descriptive chem knowledge to predict the products of the reaction and our knowledge of oxidation numbers in order to determine the oxidizing and reducing agents.
Overall, we determined that the reaction involved a positive change in enthalpy (endothermic) and a positive change in entropy. From this, we predicted that the reaction would be favored (spontaneous) at relatively higher temperatures. Using the data, we can predict the temperature at which this ammonia-forming reaction will become spontaneous i.e. at which the forward and reverse reactions are at equilibrium.
We will complete the remaining unit objectives tomorrow; you should do a lot of practice problems tonight and this weekend to prepare for Monday's exam.
Bio 6/7- HW objectives are due tomorrow and will count towards your 3rd quarter grade. Objectives 19, 29,31,33, and 34 will not be graded.
We reviewed genetic mutations and their causes. We illustrated and described four types of chromosomal mutations/alterations: large segments of DNA are sometimes transferred from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome; sometimes a segment of a chromosome is duplicated, inverted, or deleted. Because SEVERAL genes are usually transferred during these chromosomal alterations, the phenotype changes can be extreme or lethal.
We also reviewed common point genetic mutations such as substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide in the DNA molecule/chromosome. An addition or deletion causes a serious phenotype change because there are THREE nucleotides per codon; so, adding or deleting a SINGLE nucleotide can cause a whole frameshift in how the triplets are transcribed.We then discussed several types of genetic diseases, their symptoms, and some ways to treat/deal with these diseases.
We discussed polygenic inheritance: a trait that is controlled/determine by more than one gene; these genes can even be on different (nonhomologous) chromosomes. The resulting trait typically has a wider/more varied range of phenotypes as is the case with eye color. So, instead of just having a dominant brown allele and a recessive blue allele, there can be more combinations among several different genes, which causes the various possible eye color shades.
We also discussed several examples of ENVIRONMENTAL effect (nurture) on GENE EXPRESSION (an organism's nature): people with the genes for melanin production do not have very dark skin unless they are exposed to sunlight, which turns the gene ON so that transcription and translation of that gene occur.
We then discussed modern genetic engineering up to the definition of biotechnology and examples of selective breeding (in dogs and horses).
Bio 8- HW objectives are due tomorrow and will count towards your 3rd quarter grade. Objectives 19, 29,31,33, and 34 will not be graded.
We reviewed genetic mutations and their causes.
We illustrated and described four types of chromosomal mutations/alterations: large segments of DNA are sometimes transferred from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome; sometimes a segment of a chromosome is duplicated, inverted, or deleted. Because SEVERAL genes are usually transferred during these chromosomal alterations, the phenotype changes can be extreme or lethal.
We also reviewed common point genetic mutations such as substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide in the DNA molecule/chromosome. An addition or deletion causes a serious phenotype change because there are THREE nucleotides per codon; so, adding or deleting a SINGLE nucleotide can cause a whole frameshift in how the triplets are transcribed.We then discussed several types of genetic diseases, their symptoms, and some ways to treat/deal with these diseases.
We discussed polygenic inheritance: a trait that is controlled/determine by more than one gene; these genes can even be on different (nonhomologous) chromosomes. The resulting trait typically has a wider/more varied range of phenotypes as is the case with eye color. So, instead of just having a dominant brown allele and a recessive blue allele, there can be more combinations among several different genes, which causes the various possible eye color shades.
We also discussed several examples of ENVIRONMENTAL effect (nurture) on GENE EXPRESSION (an organism's nature): people with the genes for melanin production do not have very dark skin unless they are exposed to sunlight, which turns the gene ON so that transcription and translation of that gene occur.
We then discussed two types of genetic diseases, their symptoms, and some ways to treat/deal with these diseases; we will continue with this list.
We did a Thermo Lab in which we collected data on what turned out to be an endothermic reaction. We used our descriptive chem knowledge to predict the products of the reaction and our knowledge of oxidation numbers in order to determine the oxidizing and reducing agents.
Overall, we determined that the reaction involved a positive change in enthalpy (endothermic) and a positive change in entropy. From this, we predicted that the reaction would be favored (spontaneous) at relatively higher temperatures. Using the data, we can predict the temperature at which this ammonia-forming reaction will become spontaneous i.e. at which the forward and reverse reactions are at equilibrium.
We will complete the remaining unit objectives tomorrow; you should do a lot of practice problems tonight and this weekend to prepare for Monday's exam.
Bio 6/7- HW objectives are due tomorrow and will count towards your 3rd quarter grade. Objectives 19, 29,31,33, and 34 will not be graded.
We reviewed genetic mutations and their causes. We illustrated and described four types of chromosomal mutations/alterations: large segments of DNA are sometimes transferred from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome; sometimes a segment of a chromosome is duplicated, inverted, or deleted. Because SEVERAL genes are usually transferred during these chromosomal alterations, the phenotype changes can be extreme or lethal.
We also reviewed common point genetic mutations such as substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide in the DNA molecule/chromosome. An addition or deletion causes a serious phenotype change because there are THREE nucleotides per codon; so, adding or deleting a SINGLE nucleotide can cause a whole frameshift in how the triplets are transcribed.We then discussed several types of genetic diseases, their symptoms, and some ways to treat/deal with these diseases.
We discussed polygenic inheritance: a trait that is controlled/determine by more than one gene; these genes can even be on different (nonhomologous) chromosomes. The resulting trait typically has a wider/more varied range of phenotypes as is the case with eye color. So, instead of just having a dominant brown allele and a recessive blue allele, there can be more combinations among several different genes, which causes the various possible eye color shades.
We also discussed several examples of ENVIRONMENTAL effect (nurture) on GENE EXPRESSION (an organism's nature): people with the genes for melanin production do not have very dark skin unless they are exposed to sunlight, which turns the gene ON so that transcription and translation of that gene occur.
We then discussed modern genetic engineering up to the definition of biotechnology and examples of selective breeding (in dogs and horses).
Bio 8- HW objectives are due tomorrow and will count towards your 3rd quarter grade. Objectives 19, 29,31,33, and 34 will not be graded.
We reviewed genetic mutations and their causes.
We illustrated and described four types of chromosomal mutations/alterations: large segments of DNA are sometimes transferred from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome; sometimes a segment of a chromosome is duplicated, inverted, or deleted. Because SEVERAL genes are usually transferred during these chromosomal alterations, the phenotype changes can be extreme or lethal.
We also reviewed common point genetic mutations such as substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide in the DNA molecule/chromosome. An addition or deletion causes a serious phenotype change because there are THREE nucleotides per codon; so, adding or deleting a SINGLE nucleotide can cause a whole frameshift in how the triplets are transcribed.We then discussed several types of genetic diseases, their symptoms, and some ways to treat/deal with these diseases.
We discussed polygenic inheritance: a trait that is controlled/determine by more than one gene; these genes can even be on different (nonhomologous) chromosomes. The resulting trait typically has a wider/more varied range of phenotypes as is the case with eye color. So, instead of just having a dominant brown allele and a recessive blue allele, there can be more combinations among several different genes, which causes the various possible eye color shades.
We also discussed several examples of ENVIRONMENTAL effect (nurture) on GENE EXPRESSION (an organism's nature): people with the genes for melanin production do not have very dark skin unless they are exposed to sunlight, which turns the gene ON so that transcription and translation of that gene occur.
We then discussed two types of genetic diseases, their symptoms, and some ways to treat/deal with these diseases; we will continue with this list.
# posted by C @ 12:07 PM 
