Friday, April 3, 2009
Fri-Day 2
AP Chem- discussed our lab activity from yesterday with respect to temperatures at which reactions become spontaneous based on entropy and enthalpy measurements/data.
We then calculated the change in entropy for each of the fusion and vaporization processes for benzene. Typically, enthalpy and entropy data can be used to calculate/predict the normal (1atm) freezing and boiling points of a substance: T = delta H/delta S (of fusion or vaporization, respectively).
We then related the constants for a given reaction or process of delta G STANDARD and Keq. These values will measure the same qualitative information, i.e. whether the products are favored (NEGATIVE delta G standard, K GREATER than 1) or the reactants are favored at equilibrium.
We graphically drew and saw the TREMENDOUS DISTINCTION between delta G and delta G-STANDARD for a given reaction! Delta G is more akin to comparing Q with K, given some INITIAL NON-EQUILIBRIUM mixture of reactants and products. FROM THOSE INITIAL CONDITIONS, a NEGATIVE delta G tells us that products are spontaneously formed/favored, a POSITIVE delta G tells us that REACTANTS are spontaneously favored.
Delta G ALSO tells us the maximum work that can be derived from the process or the minimum work required to cause the reaction.
Bio 6- we discussed ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, the process by which plants or animals with specific desirable traits are SELECTIVELY BRED to each other so that the alleles that code for those traits are passed on to their offspring. After many generations, most of the offspring and parents will typically have those desired traits.
INBREEDING is a type of artificial selection by which "pure-bred" organisms/ homozygous for a given trait can be created by just breeding, for many generations, the offspring that have the same traits. The goal is to have pure-bred organisms that have particular desirable traits. Occasionally, inbreeding leads to the expression of harmful traits, which occurs when heterozygotes mate and form offspring that are homozygous for a harmful recessive allele.
HYBRIDIZATION is the mating of different purebred plants or animals to form heterozygotes that can typically have BOTH of the best traits of their parents, particularly when the alleles that combine are CODOMINANT or incompletely dominant.
We also reviewed, for ASEXUALLY reproducing plants/organisms, a way to amplify the frequency of traits/offspring that are desirable via vegetative propagation: grafting, cutting, or layering. Seedless oranges first formed as a result of a random genetic mutation in the gametes of an orange tree. All seedless oranges since then were formed via grafting branches from that original tree.
Bio 7/8- we discussed the various types of genetic diseases, their causes, and possible treatments.
We discussed modern genetics with respect to genetic manipulation.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, the process by which plants or animals with specific desirable traits are SELECTIVELY BRED to each other so that the alleles that code for those traits are passed on to their offspring. After many generations, most of the offspring and parents will typically have those desired traits.
INBREEDING is a type of artificial selection by which "pure-bred" organisms/ homozygous for a given trait can be created by just breeding, for many generations, the offspring that have the same traits. The goal is to have pure-bred organisms that have particular desirable traits. Occasionally, inbreeding leads to the expression of harmful traits, which occurs when heterozygotes mate and form offspring that are homozygous for a harmful recessive allele.
HYBRIDIZATION is the mating of different purebred plants or animals to form heterozygotes that can typically have BOTH of the best traits of their parents, particularly when the alleles that combine are CODOMINANT or incompletely dominant.
We also reviewed, for ASEXUALLY reproducing plants/organisms, a way to amplify the frequency of traits/offspring that are desirable via vegetative propagation: grafting, cutting, or layering. Seedless oranges first formed as a result of a random genetic mutation in the gametes of an orange tree. All seedless oranges since then were formed via grafting branches from that original tree.
We then calculated the change in entropy for each of the fusion and vaporization processes for benzene. Typically, enthalpy and entropy data can be used to calculate/predict the normal (1atm) freezing and boiling points of a substance: T = delta H/delta S (of fusion or vaporization, respectively).
We then related the constants for a given reaction or process of delta G STANDARD and Keq. These values will measure the same qualitative information, i.e. whether the products are favored (NEGATIVE delta G standard, K GREATER than 1) or the reactants are favored at equilibrium.
We graphically drew and saw the TREMENDOUS DISTINCTION between delta G and delta G-STANDARD for a given reaction! Delta G is more akin to comparing Q with K, given some INITIAL NON-EQUILIBRIUM mixture of reactants and products. FROM THOSE INITIAL CONDITIONS, a NEGATIVE delta G tells us that products are spontaneously formed/favored, a POSITIVE delta G tells us that REACTANTS are spontaneously favored.
Delta G ALSO tells us the maximum work that can be derived from the process or the minimum work required to cause the reaction.
Bio 6- we discussed ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, the process by which plants or animals with specific desirable traits are SELECTIVELY BRED to each other so that the alleles that code for those traits are passed on to their offspring. After many generations, most of the offspring and parents will typically have those desired traits.
INBREEDING is a type of artificial selection by which "pure-bred" organisms/ homozygous for a given trait can be created by just breeding, for many generations, the offspring that have the same traits. The goal is to have pure-bred organisms that have particular desirable traits. Occasionally, inbreeding leads to the expression of harmful traits, which occurs when heterozygotes mate and form offspring that are homozygous for a harmful recessive allele.
HYBRIDIZATION is the mating of different purebred plants or animals to form heterozygotes that can typically have BOTH of the best traits of their parents, particularly when the alleles that combine are CODOMINANT or incompletely dominant.
We also reviewed, for ASEXUALLY reproducing plants/organisms, a way to amplify the frequency of traits/offspring that are desirable via vegetative propagation: grafting, cutting, or layering. Seedless oranges first formed as a result of a random genetic mutation in the gametes of an orange tree. All seedless oranges since then were formed via grafting branches from that original tree.
Bio 7/8- we discussed the various types of genetic diseases, their causes, and possible treatments.
We discussed modern genetics with respect to genetic manipulation.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, the process by which plants or animals with specific desirable traits are SELECTIVELY BRED to each other so that the alleles that code for those traits are passed on to their offspring. After many generations, most of the offspring and parents will typically have those desired traits.
INBREEDING is a type of artificial selection by which "pure-bred" organisms/ homozygous for a given trait can be created by just breeding, for many generations, the offspring that have the same traits. The goal is to have pure-bred organisms that have particular desirable traits. Occasionally, inbreeding leads to the expression of harmful traits, which occurs when heterozygotes mate and form offspring that are homozygous for a harmful recessive allele.
HYBRIDIZATION is the mating of different purebred plants or animals to form heterozygotes that can typically have BOTH of the best traits of their parents, particularly when the alleles that combine are CODOMINANT or incompletely dominant.
We also reviewed, for ASEXUALLY reproducing plants/organisms, a way to amplify the frequency of traits/offspring that are desirable via vegetative propagation: grafting, cutting, or layering. Seedless oranges first formed as a result of a random genetic mutation in the gametes of an orange tree. All seedless oranges since then were formed via grafting branches from that original tree.
# posted by C @ 10:39 AM 
