Monday, March 9, 2009
Mon-Day 1
AP Chem- we discussed the naming and formula writing of halide salts of amine-ium ions (a cation of an amine that results when an H+ is added to the amine). These salts are most commonly seen in/produced in the pharmaceutical industry e.g. oxycodone hydrochloride but the hydro in this name belongs to/is part of the amine-ium cation (as the H+ that bonded to the amine) so the name is somewhat misleading.
We began the relatively lengthy (but loaded with shortcuts) calculations of the various ion concentrations in solutions of polyprotic acids. Except for sulfuric acid, most polyprotic acids have a STEEP decline in subsequent ionization of other H+ ions/protons from the acidic anions that form after the initial H+ ionizes (because, via Coulomb's Law, much energy is required to separate an H+ from a negative ion).
This steep decline in subsequent ionization makes it easier to make simplifying assumptions in calculations involving Ka and the various ion concentrations. Also, in polyprotic acid problems, on paper, we can do the series of ionizations step-by-step and get the same result as if we considered all ionization steps occurring at once!
We did examples with sulfuric acid (first ionization step goes to completion so no Ka is needed or given) and also with oxalic acid.
We reviewed the meaning and examples of the Bronsted term "amphiprotic" or "amphoteric": typically these are H-containing anions of conjugate acids that can either donate or accept H+ depending on the other ions or molecules in solution.
We then started from the opposite type of substance, a conjugate base of a polyprotic acid. We saw that phosphate is a relatively strong base (though not "STRONG", by definition) and will hydrolyze water thus forming hydrogen phosphate ion and hydroxide. HPO4 2- will further hydrolyze water to form H2PO4- and a little more hydroxide; the H2PO4 - will hydrolyze a weeeeee bit of water to form some phosphoric acid and the tiniest insignificant bit of extra hydroxide. Mainly, we saw that, for BOTH polyprotic acids and their conjugates, MOST of the ionization/hydrolysis/influence on the pH comes from the FIRST step.
Bio 6/7- we continued describing and explaining the various structures of the male reproductive system, noting how each structure contributes to increasing the likelihood of internal fertilization of the egg/ovum. We noted that maturation and production of the parts of the male reproductive system is hormonally controlled by the testes and the pituitary gland.
We examined the parts of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, oviducts/Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina/birth canal. We will discuss the hormone-controlled feedback loop that determines when an egg can develop and be fertilized and what happens when an egg is not fertilized.
We then worked on handouts, labeling the parts of the male and female reproductive systems. We finished the questions and graphs from the reaction time lab.
Bio 8- we reviewed the various structures of the male reproductive system, noting how each structure contributes to increasing the likelihood of internal fertilization of the egg/ovum. We noted that maturation and production of the parts of the male reproductive system is hormonally controlled by the testes and the pituitary gland.
We examined the parts of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, oviducts/Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina/birth canal. We will discuss the hormone-controlled feedback loop that determines when an egg can develop and be fertilized and what happens when an egg is not fertilized.
We then worked on handouts, labeling the parts of female reproductive system.
We began the relatively lengthy (but loaded with shortcuts) calculations of the various ion concentrations in solutions of polyprotic acids. Except for sulfuric acid, most polyprotic acids have a STEEP decline in subsequent ionization of other H+ ions/protons from the acidic anions that form after the initial H+ ionizes (because, via Coulomb's Law, much energy is required to separate an H+ from a negative ion).
This steep decline in subsequent ionization makes it easier to make simplifying assumptions in calculations involving Ka and the various ion concentrations. Also, in polyprotic acid problems, on paper, we can do the series of ionizations step-by-step and get the same result as if we considered all ionization steps occurring at once!
We did examples with sulfuric acid (first ionization step goes to completion so no Ka is needed or given) and also with oxalic acid.
We reviewed the meaning and examples of the Bronsted term "amphiprotic" or "amphoteric": typically these are H-containing anions of conjugate acids that can either donate or accept H+ depending on the other ions or molecules in solution.
We then started from the opposite type of substance, a conjugate base of a polyprotic acid. We saw that phosphate is a relatively strong base (though not "STRONG", by definition) and will hydrolyze water thus forming hydrogen phosphate ion and hydroxide. HPO4 2- will further hydrolyze water to form H2PO4- and a little more hydroxide; the H2PO4 - will hydrolyze a weeeeee bit of water to form some phosphoric acid and the tiniest insignificant bit of extra hydroxide. Mainly, we saw that, for BOTH polyprotic acids and their conjugates, MOST of the ionization/hydrolysis/influence on the pH comes from the FIRST step.
Bio 6/7- we continued describing and explaining the various structures of the male reproductive system, noting how each structure contributes to increasing the likelihood of internal fertilization of the egg/ovum. We noted that maturation and production of the parts of the male reproductive system is hormonally controlled by the testes and the pituitary gland.
We examined the parts of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, oviducts/Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina/birth canal. We will discuss the hormone-controlled feedback loop that determines when an egg can develop and be fertilized and what happens when an egg is not fertilized.
We then worked on handouts, labeling the parts of the male and female reproductive systems. We finished the questions and graphs from the reaction time lab.
Bio 8- we reviewed the various structures of the male reproductive system, noting how each structure contributes to increasing the likelihood of internal fertilization of the egg/ovum. We noted that maturation and production of the parts of the male reproductive system is hormonally controlled by the testes and the pituitary gland.
We examined the parts of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, oviducts/Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina/birth canal. We will discuss the hormone-controlled feedback loop that determines when an egg can develop and be fertilized and what happens when an egg is not fertilized.
We then worked on handouts, labeling the parts of female reproductive system.
# posted by C @ 1:09 PM 
