Monday, February 9, 2009
Mon-Day 1
AP Chem- covered a lot of chemistry today starting with a review of equilibrium constant expressions in terms of concentrations or in terms of partial pressures of gases (if any).
Large K values indicate that the PRODUCTS are "favored" at EQUILIBRIUM.
Small K values indicate that the REACTANTS are "favored" at EQUILIBRIUM.
We saw that, when the equation stoichiometric coefficients are multiplied by a given factor, x, that the resulting equilibrium constant is taken to that EXPONENT, x.
When the products and reactants are written in reverse, the resulting K is the RECIPROCAL of the original K.
We also showed how to combine the equilibrium constants from several reactions; addition of reactions causes the MULTIPLICATION of the respective equilibrium constants to get the NET equilibrium constant for the overall reaction.
We discussed "REACTION QUOTIENT" which is the same EXPRESSION as K , HOWEVER, the quantities plugged in to the expression are NOT the equilibrium concentrations! The quantities plugged into the expression are the INITIAL concentrations.
By comparing K with Q, one can determine whether the reaction will proceed towards either forming more reactants or more products as equilibrium is approached.
We then discussed SOLVING FOR the EQUILIBRIUM concentrations of reactants and products given some INITIAL concentrations.
By using the brilliant and systematic ICE tables along with the Keq EXPRESSION, we will be able to solve all gas-solid equilibrium problems!
This is the LARGEST single quantitative skill tested on the AP exam so we will be practicing it non-stop for the next two months.
Good times.
Bio 6/7- please come to class ready to work: notes out, questions prepared.
We discussed the blood diseases of anemia and leukemia.
We also reviewed how HIV targets white blood cells (T-helper cells) so that the immune response to the virus is compromised/weakened.
We then discussed the four major blood (antigen) groups: A, B, AB, and O.
We drew the antigen-basis of the A, B, AB, and O blood groups and the antibodies that are found in the plasma of each blood group. The blood groups are named according to the protein/antigen that is literally embedded on the surface of each red blood cell membrane. Thus, Type A blood has "A" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type B blood has "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type AB blood has BOTH "A" and "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type O blood has NEITHER "A" nor "B" antigens on the surface of each red blood cell.
Each blood group also has antibodies in the blood plasma that will bind to and clump/agglutinate any antigens that are not naturally present in the blood. Therefore,
Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type A blood cannot get a transfusion from a person who has Type AB or Type B blood.
Type B blood has anti-A antibodies, so a person with Type B blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB or Type A blood.
Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type O blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB, Type A, or Type B blood!
Type AB blood has NEITHER anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type AB blood CAN get a transfusion from ANY blood group.
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a Rhesus antigen. Those with an Rh antigen on the surface of each of their red blood cells are Rh +; those without the Rh antigen are Rh -.
A person that is Rh - will develop antibodies if she is exposed to blood that is Rh + ; subsequent exposure to Rh + blood will trigger a rapid and possibly fatal blood clotting reaction.
We explained in detail why only the ANTIGENS on the DONATED blood cells need to be considered when determining a suitable donor for a given patient. The patient has the main source of antibodies, if any, which can be made in great numbers, whereas the donated blood cannot make more antibodies and there are relatively few antibodies in donated blood anyway; so, for simplicity and to avoid confusion, we will ASSUME that DONATED blood has NO antibodies present (the antibodies CAN be filtered out of the plasma).
Bio 8- We discussed the blood diseases of anemia and leukemia.
We also reviewed how HIV targets white blood cells (T-helper cells) so that the immune response to the virus is compromised/weakened.
We then discussed the four major blood (antigen) groups: A, B, AB, and O.
We drew the antigen-basis of the A, B, AB, and O blood groups and the antibodies that are found in the plasma of each blood group. The blood groups are named according to the protein/antigen that is literally embedded on the surface of each red blood cell membrane. Thus, Type A blood has "A" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type B blood has "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type AB blood has BOTH "A" and "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type O blood has NEITHER "A" nor "B" antigens on the surface of each red blood cell.
Each blood group also has antibodies in the blood plasma that will bind to and clump/agglutinate any antigens that are not naturally present in the blood. Therefore,
Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type A blood cannot get a transfusion from a person who has Type AB or Type B blood.
Type B blood has anti-A antibodies, so a person with Type B blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB or Type A blood.
Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type O blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB, Type A, or Type B blood!
Type AB blood has NEITHER anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type AB blood CAN get a transfusion from ANY blood group.
Large K values indicate that the PRODUCTS are "favored" at EQUILIBRIUM.
Small K values indicate that the REACTANTS are "favored" at EQUILIBRIUM.
We saw that, when the equation stoichiometric coefficients are multiplied by a given factor, x, that the resulting equilibrium constant is taken to that EXPONENT, x.
When the products and reactants are written in reverse, the resulting K is the RECIPROCAL of the original K.
We also showed how to combine the equilibrium constants from several reactions; addition of reactions causes the MULTIPLICATION of the respective equilibrium constants to get the NET equilibrium constant for the overall reaction.
We discussed "REACTION QUOTIENT" which is the same EXPRESSION as K , HOWEVER, the quantities plugged in to the expression are NOT the equilibrium concentrations! The quantities plugged into the expression are the INITIAL concentrations.
By comparing K with Q, one can determine whether the reaction will proceed towards either forming more reactants or more products as equilibrium is approached.
We then discussed SOLVING FOR the EQUILIBRIUM concentrations of reactants and products given some INITIAL concentrations.
By using the brilliant and systematic ICE tables along with the Keq EXPRESSION, we will be able to solve all gas-solid equilibrium problems!
This is the LARGEST single quantitative skill tested on the AP exam so we will be practicing it non-stop for the next two months.
Good times.
Bio 6/7- please come to class ready to work: notes out, questions prepared.
We discussed the blood diseases of anemia and leukemia.
We also reviewed how HIV targets white blood cells (T-helper cells) so that the immune response to the virus is compromised/weakened.
We then discussed the four major blood (antigen) groups: A, B, AB, and O.
We drew the antigen-basis of the A, B, AB, and O blood groups and the antibodies that are found in the plasma of each blood group. The blood groups are named according to the protein/antigen that is literally embedded on the surface of each red blood cell membrane. Thus, Type A blood has "A" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type B blood has "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type AB blood has BOTH "A" and "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type O blood has NEITHER "A" nor "B" antigens on the surface of each red blood cell.
Each blood group also has antibodies in the blood plasma that will bind to and clump/agglutinate any antigens that are not naturally present in the blood. Therefore,
Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type A blood cannot get a transfusion from a person who has Type AB or Type B blood.
Type B blood has anti-A antibodies, so a person with Type B blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB or Type A blood.
Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type O blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB, Type A, or Type B blood!
Type AB blood has NEITHER anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type AB blood CAN get a transfusion from ANY blood group.
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a Rhesus antigen. Those with an Rh antigen on the surface of each of their red blood cells are Rh +; those without the Rh antigen are Rh -.
A person that is Rh - will develop antibodies if she is exposed to blood that is Rh + ; subsequent exposure to Rh + blood will trigger a rapid and possibly fatal blood clotting reaction.
We explained in detail why only the ANTIGENS on the DONATED blood cells need to be considered when determining a suitable donor for a given patient. The patient has the main source of antibodies, if any, which can be made in great numbers, whereas the donated blood cannot make more antibodies and there are relatively few antibodies in donated blood anyway; so, for simplicity and to avoid confusion, we will ASSUME that DONATED blood has NO antibodies present (the antibodies CAN be filtered out of the plasma).
Bio 8- We discussed the blood diseases of anemia and leukemia.
We also reviewed how HIV targets white blood cells (T-helper cells) so that the immune response to the virus is compromised/weakened.
We then discussed the four major blood (antigen) groups: A, B, AB, and O.
We drew the antigen-basis of the A, B, AB, and O blood groups and the antibodies that are found in the plasma of each blood group. The blood groups are named according to the protein/antigen that is literally embedded on the surface of each red blood cell membrane. Thus, Type A blood has "A" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type B blood has "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type AB blood has BOTH "A" and "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type O blood has NEITHER "A" nor "B" antigens on the surface of each red blood cell.
Each blood group also has antibodies in the blood plasma that will bind to and clump/agglutinate any antigens that are not naturally present in the blood. Therefore,
Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type A blood cannot get a transfusion from a person who has Type AB or Type B blood.
Type B blood has anti-A antibodies, so a person with Type B blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB or Type A blood.
Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type O blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB, Type A, or Type B blood!
Type AB blood has NEITHER anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type AB blood CAN get a transfusion from ANY blood group.
# posted by C @ 2:57 PM 
