SciHawks

Bio- we did examples that showed the two types of intermediate dominance, one showing incomplete dominance of red and white carnation color resulting in pink offspring and the other showing the CODOMINANCE of the red and white hair color resulting in roan cattle offspring.
We also looked at the ratios of all THREE phenotypes that result in the F2 generations in these two examples.
We then discussed the case of a gene that has MORE THAN two alleles i.e. MULTIPLE ALLELES.
A classic example of multiple alleles is seen in the A,B,O, and AB blood types. THREE alleles can cause these FOUR blood types because of the relationship among the alleles:
I^A and I^B are CODOMINANT (CO = BOTH!) but both I^A and I^B are DOMINANT
to the recessive "i" allele.
So, an individual with Type A blood phenotype can have either the I^A I^A genotype OR
the I^A i genotype.
An individual with Type B blood phenotype can have either the I^B I^B genotype OR
the I^B i genotype.
An individual with Type AB blood phenotype MUST have the I^A I^B genotype.

We did a lab activity in which we showed the inheritance of particular genotypes (by the offspring from their parents), one genotype for each trait that was inherited.

Chem 7- we deduced the effect of various stresses on the forward and reverse reaction rates. For TEMPERATURE INCREASES, the RATE of BOTH the forward and reverse reactions MUST increase BUT the rate of the ENDOTHERMIC (NET energy-dependent) reaction INCREASES MORE! Thus, temperature increases favor the "endo-cooling" direction.

For PRESSURE INCREASES on systems that have one or more GASEOUS substances, the rate of the reaction of the side with MORE MOLES of gas will INCREASE MORE than the rate of the side with FEWER MOLES of gas, thus pressure increases cause a shift TOWARDS the side of the equation that has FEWER moles of gas (lowers the pressure).

For CATALYSTS: the rates of the FORWARD and REVERSE reactions are sped up EQUALLY so there CANNOT be a SHIFT; catalysts can only cause systems that are NOT already at equilibrium to reach equilibrium more QUICKLY.

Finally, we summarized our kinetic results in the very convenient and pithy Le CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE:
a system at equilibrium that is subjected to a stress (temp, pressure, concentration) will respond/shift by OPPOSING/NEGATING the effect of the stress!

Chem 8/9- we deduced the effect of various stresses on the forward and reverse reaction rates. For TEMPERATURE INCREASES, the RATE of BOTH the forward and reverse reactions MUST increase BUT the rate of the ENDOTHERMIC (NET energy-dependent) reaction INCREASES MORE! Thus, temperature increases favor the "endo-cooling" direction.

For PRESSURE INCREASES on systems that have one or more GASEOUS substances, the rate of the reaction of the side with MORE MOLES of gas will INCREASE MORE than the rate of the side with FEWER MOLES of gas, thus pressure increases cause a shift TOWARDS the side of the equation that has FEWER moles of gas (lowers the pressure).

For CATALYSTS: the rates of the FORWARD and REVERSE reactions are sped up EQUALLY so there CANNOT be a SHIFT; catalysts can only cause systems that are NOT already at equilibrium to reach equilibrium more QUICKLY.

Finally, we summarized our kinetic results in the very convenient and pithy Le CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE:
a system at equilibrium that is subjected to a stress (temp, pressure, concentration) will respond/shift by OPPOSING/NEGATING the effect of the stress!

We then worked on our hw Le Chatelier Tables. Those who did not label the arrows and number of moles of gases (as I explicitly showed) had a MUCH harder time getting the correct answers (I witness this every single year).