Thursday, January 31, 2008
Thurs-Day 1
Bio- we discussed the three lines/layers of immune defense against pathogens; the first line of defense consists of your skin and certain fluids that are secreted such as tears and saliva.
If viruses, bacteria, or foreign/harmful proteins get into your blood stream or intercellular fluid via some kind of cut or puncture, you have a second line of defense to prevent proliferation/growth of the pathogens; this second line consists of a general response to the site of infection: increased circulation to bring platelets, clotting factors, interferon, complement, histamines, and macrophages rapidly to the infection site. These parts of the second line of defense are NOT specific so they will generally fight any type of pathogen.
A third line of defense will also be triggered to attack SPECIFIC-shaped antigens on an invading pathogen (especially if that specific pathogen has previously invaded the body). This pathogen-specific line of defense is active in TWO ways: CELLULAR immunity develops as "killer-T" cells are made to specifically attack and break down the invading pathogen; ANTIBODY immunity develops as "B-cells" produces thousands and thousands of specific-shaped proteins called ANTIBODIES that bind ONLY to the specific ANTIGEN-proteins of the invading pathogen. These antibodies are tailor made to have a MATCHING SHAPE so that they only bind to the antigens of the specific invading pathogen. Thus, the antibodies "mark for death/breakdown" the specific invading pathogen (virus/bacteria/fungus/toxin).
Chem 7- we continued to draw out the structures and name members of the following homologous series: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. For alkenes and alkynes, you must find the longest consecutive carbon chain that CONTAINS/HAS the double or triple bond, respectively.
Then, you number the carbon chain so that the double or triple bond is BETWEEN the LOWER(/EST) number carbons.
We then looked at the series of organic compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms: the ALKYL HALIDES. Generally, you number the carbon chain of any SATURATED (ALL single bonds) alkyl halide so that the halogen atoms are on the lowest number carbon.
Remember to use the prefixes, di-, tri-, etc. any time that there is more than one of the same halogen or even alkyl group (e.g. dimethyl for two CH3 groups on the side).
We then continued with one of several different types of organic molecules that can be recognized based on its FUNCTIONAL GROUP. We looked at alCOHols, that all have a hydroxy (OH) functional group covalently bonded to the carbon chain.
We saw that each alcohol has the suffix "ol" in its name. The rest of the name is generally determined by taking the first two syllables of its "alkane"carbon-skeleton name. So, a two carbon alcohol is called ETHANol.
We defined primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and then we discussed monohydroxy (ONE OH per molecule), DIhydroxy (TWO OH groups per molecule), and TRIhydroxy (THREE OH groups per molecule) alcohols. DO NOT CONFUSE dihydroxy alcohols with SECONDARY alcohols! Secondary alcohols are ALWAYS monohydroxy alcohols that have the OH group on a SECONDARY carbon, i.e. a carbon that is bonded to TWO other carbons.
Chem 8/9- we continued to draw out the structures and name members of the following homologous series: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. For alkenes and alkynes, you must find the longest consecutive carbon chain that CONTAINS/HAS the double or triple bond, respectively.
Then, you number the carbon chain so that the double or triple bond is BETWEEN the LOWER(/EST) number carbons.
We then looked at the series of organic compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms: the ALKYL HALIDES. Generally, you number the carbon chain of any SATURATED (ALL single bonds) alkyl halide so that the halogen atoms are on the lowest number carbon.
Remember to use the prefixes, di-, tri-, etc. any time that there is more than one of the same halogen or even alkyl group (e.g. dimethyl for two CH3 groups on the side).
We then did a lab activity using molecular models to make the FIVE possible isomers of C6H14.
If viruses, bacteria, or foreign/harmful proteins get into your blood stream or intercellular fluid via some kind of cut or puncture, you have a second line of defense to prevent proliferation/growth of the pathogens; this second line consists of a general response to the site of infection: increased circulation to bring platelets, clotting factors, interferon, complement, histamines, and macrophages rapidly to the infection site. These parts of the second line of defense are NOT specific so they will generally fight any type of pathogen.
A third line of defense will also be triggered to attack SPECIFIC-shaped antigens on an invading pathogen (especially if that specific pathogen has previously invaded the body). This pathogen-specific line of defense is active in TWO ways: CELLULAR immunity develops as "killer-T" cells are made to specifically attack and break down the invading pathogen; ANTIBODY immunity develops as "B-cells" produces thousands and thousands of specific-shaped proteins called ANTIBODIES that bind ONLY to the specific ANTIGEN-proteins of the invading pathogen. These antibodies are tailor made to have a MATCHING SHAPE so that they only bind to the antigens of the specific invading pathogen. Thus, the antibodies "mark for death/breakdown" the specific invading pathogen (virus/bacteria/fungus/toxin).
Chem 7- we continued to draw out the structures and name members of the following homologous series: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. For alkenes and alkynes, you must find the longest consecutive carbon chain that CONTAINS/HAS the double or triple bond, respectively.
Then, you number the carbon chain so that the double or triple bond is BETWEEN the LOWER(/EST) number carbons.
We then looked at the series of organic compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms: the ALKYL HALIDES. Generally, you number the carbon chain of any SATURATED (ALL single bonds) alkyl halide so that the halogen atoms are on the lowest number carbon.
Remember to use the prefixes, di-, tri-, etc. any time that there is more than one of the same halogen or even alkyl group (e.g. dimethyl for two CH3 groups on the side).
We then continued with one of several different types of organic molecules that can be recognized based on its FUNCTIONAL GROUP. We looked at alCOHols, that all have a hydroxy (OH) functional group covalently bonded to the carbon chain.
We saw that each alcohol has the suffix "ol" in its name. The rest of the name is generally determined by taking the first two syllables of its "alkane"carbon-skeleton name. So, a two carbon alcohol is called ETHANol.
We defined primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and then we discussed monohydroxy (ONE OH per molecule), DIhydroxy (TWO OH groups per molecule), and TRIhydroxy (THREE OH groups per molecule) alcohols. DO NOT CONFUSE dihydroxy alcohols with SECONDARY alcohols! Secondary alcohols are ALWAYS monohydroxy alcohols that have the OH group on a SECONDARY carbon, i.e. a carbon that is bonded to TWO other carbons.
Chem 8/9- we continued to draw out the structures and name members of the following homologous series: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. For alkenes and alkynes, you must find the longest consecutive carbon chain that CONTAINS/HAS the double or triple bond, respectively.
Then, you number the carbon chain so that the double or triple bond is BETWEEN the LOWER(/EST) number carbons.
We then looked at the series of organic compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms: the ALKYL HALIDES. Generally, you number the carbon chain of any SATURATED (ALL single bonds) alkyl halide so that the halogen atoms are on the lowest number carbon.
Remember to use the prefixes, di-, tri-, etc. any time that there is more than one of the same halogen or even alkyl group (e.g. dimethyl for two CH3 groups on the side).
We then did a lab activity using molecular models to make the FIVE possible isomers of C6H14.
# posted by C @ 11:31 PM 
