Monday, February 4, 2008
Mon-Day 1
Bio- HW: Section 39.2 is VERY long so I am splitting it into two subsections.
Due Wednesday: Outline 39.2 UP TO AND INCLUDING the subsection on "ACQUIRED IMMUNITY".
Today, we discussed and explained the scientific reasoning behind Koch's Postulates that help scientists to identify the specific pathogen that causes a particular infectious disease.
We then discussed the antigen-basis of the A, B, AB, and O blood groups and the antibodies that are found in the plasma of each blood group. The blood groups are named according to the protein/antigen that is literally embedded on the surface of each red blood cell membrane. Thus, Type A blood has "A" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type B blood has "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type AB blood has BOTH "A" and "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type O blood has NEITHER "A" nor "B" antigens on the surface of each red blood cell.
Each blood group also has antibodies in the blood plasma that will bind to and clump/agglutinate any antigens that are not naturally present in the blood. Therefore,
Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type A blood cannot get a transfusion from a person who has Type AB or Type B blood.
Type B blood has anti-A antibodies, so a person with Type B blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB or Type A blood.
Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type O blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB, Type A, or Type B blood!
Type AB blood has NEITHER anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type AB blood CAN get a transfusion from ANY blood group.
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a Rhesus antigen. Those with an Rh antigen on the surface of each of their red blood cells are Rh +; those without the Rh antigen are Rh -.
A person that is Rh - will develop antibodies if she is exposed to blood that is Rh + ; subsequent exposure to Rh + blood will trigger a rapid and possibly fatal blood clotting reaction.
Chem 7- we discussed the structure and naming of carboxylic acids and esters.
Esters require even more practice than the other organic molecules; I'll put up a tutorial later.
We saw that esters are made from the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol to produce the ester AND water. The H from the acid bonds to the OH from the alcohol to form water; the rest of the two molecule bond at the O of the acid to the C of the alcohol to from the ester.
Chem 8/9- we discussed the structure and naming of alcohols and ethers; then, we did carboxylic acids and esters.
Alcohols and ethers can form isomers of each other; just take one of the "R" groups from the ether and put it at the other end of the molecule and replace the "R" group with an H. This way, you'll get an alcohol with the same molecular formula BUT a different STRUCTURAL formula than the ether.
Esters require even more practice than the other organic molecules; I'll put up a tutorial later.
We saw that esters are made from the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol to produce the ester AND water. The H from the acid bonds to the OH from the alcohol to form water; the rest of the two molecule bond at the O of the acid to the C of the alcohol to from the ester.
Due Wednesday: Outline 39.2 UP TO AND INCLUDING the subsection on "ACQUIRED IMMUNITY".
Today, we discussed and explained the scientific reasoning behind Koch's Postulates that help scientists to identify the specific pathogen that causes a particular infectious disease.
We then discussed the antigen-basis of the A, B, AB, and O blood groups and the antibodies that are found in the plasma of each blood group. The blood groups are named according to the protein/antigen that is literally embedded on the surface of each red blood cell membrane. Thus, Type A blood has "A" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type B blood has "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type AB blood has BOTH "A" and "B" antigens all over the surface of each red blood cell;
Type O blood has NEITHER "A" nor "B" antigens on the surface of each red blood cell.
Each blood group also has antibodies in the blood plasma that will bind to and clump/agglutinate any antigens that are not naturally present in the blood. Therefore,
Type A blood has anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type A blood cannot get a transfusion from a person who has Type AB or Type B blood.
Type B blood has anti-A antibodies, so a person with Type B blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB or Type A blood.
Type O blood has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type O blood cannot get a transfusion from a person with Type AB, Type A, or Type B blood!
Type AB blood has NEITHER anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so a person with Type AB blood CAN get a transfusion from ANY blood group.
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a Rhesus antigen. Those with an Rh antigen on the surface of each of their red blood cells are Rh +; those without the Rh antigen are Rh -.
A person that is Rh - will develop antibodies if she is exposed to blood that is Rh + ; subsequent exposure to Rh + blood will trigger a rapid and possibly fatal blood clotting reaction.
Chem 7- we discussed the structure and naming of carboxylic acids and esters.
Esters require even more practice than the other organic molecules; I'll put up a tutorial later.
We saw that esters are made from the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol to produce the ester AND water. The H from the acid bonds to the OH from the alcohol to form water; the rest of the two molecule bond at the O of the acid to the C of the alcohol to from the ester.
Chem 8/9- we discussed the structure and naming of alcohols and ethers; then, we did carboxylic acids and esters.
Alcohols and ethers can form isomers of each other; just take one of the "R" groups from the ether and put it at the other end of the molecule and replace the "R" group with an H. This way, you'll get an alcohol with the same molecular formula BUT a different STRUCTURAL formula than the ether.
Esters require even more practice than the other organic molecules; I'll put up a tutorial later.
We saw that esters are made from the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol to produce the ester AND water. The H from the acid bonds to the OH from the alcohol to form water; the rest of the two molecule bond at the O of the acid to the C of the alcohol to from the ester.
# posted by C @ 12:17 PM 
