Friday, February 1, 2008
Fri-Day 2
Bio- HW: Outline Text 39.1 is due on Monday. That section is rather long so begin it on Friday and finish up by classtime on Monday.
We further developed our discussion of cell-based immunity vs. antibody based immunity; both of these forms of immunity work simultaneously to attack/combat against a SPECIFIC pathogen.
This SPECIFIC attack begins with the macrophages that are able to take the ANTIGEN-proteins that are UNIQUE to each pathogen and then copy/display them on the macrophage surface. "Helper" T-Cells, a type of white blood cell, then bind to the macrophage so that those SPECIFIC antigen-proteins are recognized by both KILLER-T cells and by B cells. The killer T-cells directly bind to and destroy any pathogen that has the specific-shaped protein antigen that was displayed on the macrophage; the B cells will SYNTHESIZE hundreds of THOUSANDS of complementary-SHAPED proteins called ANTIBODIES, which will bind to/tie up/mark for death any pathogen with the antigen that fits with those complementary antibodies.
We then began to discuss Koch's Postulates, which is an example of a proper scientific investigation, to determine the specific pathogen that causes a specific disease.
Chem 7/8- we continued to distinguish and name various types of organic compounds based on their respective functional groups. We looked at alCOHols, ethers (etheR-O-R), aldehydes (CHO mama is an aldehyde!), and ketones. All alcohols end in "ol", ethers commonly end in ether (though the IUPAC name will be discussed later), ALdehydes end in "al", and ketONEs end in "one".
As we discussed each type of compound, we noted the type of intermolecular attractions for each molecule and the corresponding physical properties (boiling point) that results from the particular IMFA.
We then practiced drawing isomers for the following pairs of organic molecules:
alcohols and ethers
aldehydes and ketones
As you saw, a little rearrangement of atoms easily converts one type of compound into the other type, though they each have the same overall molecular formula.
Chem 9- We looked at one of several different types of organic molecules that can be recognized based on its FUNCTIONAL GROUP: alCOHols, which all have a hydroxy (OH) functional group covalently bonded to the carbon chain.
We saw that each alcohol has the suffix "ol" in its name. The rest of the name is generally determined by taking the first two syllables of its "alkane"carbon-skeleton name. So, a two carbon alcohol is called ETHANol.
We defined primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and then we discussed monohydroxy (ONE OH per molecule), DIhydroxy (TWO OH groups per molecule), and TRIhydroxy (THREE OH groups per molecule) alcohols. DO NOT CONFUSE dihydroxy alcohols with SECONDARY alcohols! Secondary alcohols are ALWAYS monohydroxy alcohols that have the OH group on a SECONDARY carbon, i.e. a carbon that is bonded to TWO other carbons.
We further developed our discussion of cell-based immunity vs. antibody based immunity; both of these forms of immunity work simultaneously to attack/combat against a SPECIFIC pathogen.
This SPECIFIC attack begins with the macrophages that are able to take the ANTIGEN-proteins that are UNIQUE to each pathogen and then copy/display them on the macrophage surface. "Helper" T-Cells, a type of white blood cell, then bind to the macrophage so that those SPECIFIC antigen-proteins are recognized by both KILLER-T cells and by B cells. The killer T-cells directly bind to and destroy any pathogen that has the specific-shaped protein antigen that was displayed on the macrophage; the B cells will SYNTHESIZE hundreds of THOUSANDS of complementary-SHAPED proteins called ANTIBODIES, which will bind to/tie up/mark for death any pathogen with the antigen that fits with those complementary antibodies.
We then began to discuss Koch's Postulates, which is an example of a proper scientific investigation, to determine the specific pathogen that causes a specific disease.
Chem 7/8- we continued to distinguish and name various types of organic compounds based on their respective functional groups. We looked at alCOHols, ethers (etheR-O-R), aldehydes (CHO mama is an aldehyde!), and ketones. All alcohols end in "ol", ethers commonly end in ether (though the IUPAC name will be discussed later), ALdehydes end in "al", and ketONEs end in "one".
As we discussed each type of compound, we noted the type of intermolecular attractions for each molecule and the corresponding physical properties (boiling point) that results from the particular IMFA.
We then practiced drawing isomers for the following pairs of organic molecules:
alcohols and ethers
aldehydes and ketones
As you saw, a little rearrangement of atoms easily converts one type of compound into the other type, though they each have the same overall molecular formula.
Chem 9- We looked at one of several different types of organic molecules that can be recognized based on its FUNCTIONAL GROUP: alCOHols, which all have a hydroxy (OH) functional group covalently bonded to the carbon chain.
We saw that each alcohol has the suffix "ol" in its name. The rest of the name is generally determined by taking the first two syllables of its "alkane"carbon-skeleton name. So, a two carbon alcohol is called ETHANol.
We defined primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and then we discussed monohydroxy (ONE OH per molecule), DIhydroxy (TWO OH groups per molecule), and TRIhydroxy (THREE OH groups per molecule) alcohols. DO NOT CONFUSE dihydroxy alcohols with SECONDARY alcohols! Secondary alcohols are ALWAYS monohydroxy alcohols that have the OH group on a SECONDARY carbon, i.e. a carbon that is bonded to TWO other carbons.
# posted by C @ 12:46 PM 
